Leadership And Management Essay -- Business Management

Leadership and ManagementLeadership and Management are two very important positions to have for anyone in an organization. Both of these positions come with a great deal of responsibilities however, they both serve two different purposes and responsibilities in an organization, along with a different sent of guidelines. This paper will differentiate mingled with Leadership and Management, give two recommendations to create and maintain a healthy organizational culture and give two examples to support the recommendations.DiscussionLeadership is a wonderful quality for anyone to have because not everyone possesses leadership qualities and skills however, a psyche can learn to have leadership qualities if he or she has the desire. A costly leader has many excellent qualities such as a leader has followers, knows how to encourage the workers, can get results by implementing strategies, can create a batch for the company, and communicates the vision clearly. These are not the only qualities a leader must(prenominal) have but they are some of the most important qualities a person must have in order to be successful in a leadership position. Management is doing things right leadership is doing the right things. Druker, Peter F. Retrieved Dec. 14, 2005 from http//www.famous-quotes-and-quotations.com/leadership-quotes.html. another(prenominal) excellent quote about leadership is The best executive is the one who has sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and temperateness to keep from meddling with them while they do it. Roosevelt, Theodore. Retrieved Dec. 14, 2005 from http//www.famous-quotes-and-quotations.com/leadership-quotes.html.Management is a very important position as well. Management takes a great deal of ski... ...he daycare center was forced by state regulations to close the doors immediately because of many code violations found on numerous occasions. Monitoring is very crucial in all aspects of business because of the stat e and well-grounded guidelines, which by ignoring these will result in a company failing completely.ConclusionThere is a going away between management and leadership but that does not mean that one is less important than the other. However, it takes an excellent leader and manager to be able to follow up the Leadership and Management role successfully for the benefit of the company and his or her people in all aspects of the business fields. Therefore, every company, big or small, must have people whom they can depend on, whole heartedly, who can fulfill the Leadership and Management positions without worrying about negative outcomes or costly legal issues.

Ergot Essay examples -- Botany

ErgotErgot (Claviceps purpurea Tul.) is a poisonous fungus that is high-risk to animals and humans. It appears to be a small, hard, black, elongated structure that get downs on and contaminants grains, which is called scelrotium. The appearance tends to look like mold. When eaten in quantity or small amounts over a consummation of time it can be highly toxic. Furthermore, it is a major problem for humans in North America but even more desolate for animals. Humans atomic number 18 susceptible to being contaminated with this poisonous fungus because ergot can grow on mushrooms, rye, wheat, and barley. These be products that humans ingest everyday. Ergot is the around notorious poison because it includes several species of ascomycete fungi with complex life cycles that parasitize the grains of various gracious and wild grasses. at that placefore, it is necessary to check for ergot contamination, especially if they are home-grown grains.The epidemic or spreading phase of the erg ot fungus occurs at the same time the grasses are in flower. Fungal spores infect the ovaries of the mature flower of the array plant. These develop mycelia (fine threadlike filaments). At this initial infection an excretion of honeydew (moist, sticky secretion) stage, develops and the mycelia underwrite to grow within the ovaries of the host and get going sclerotia (fruiting bodies). A genus Sclerotium appears as a cylindrical, three sided body, slightly curved, hornlike, hard, grooved on one or two sides, dark purple next to black that is 1/3 to 1 1/2 inches long and 1/8 to 1/4 inches wide. There is a very unpleasant aroma (odor), which is somewhat fishy. The highly-developed sclerotia finally falls to the ground to germinate in the summer at once or may wait until after the winter and germinate the ... ...y resulting in poisoning of animals by plants, in this instance has the opposite effect. It allows pasture grasses to develop an inflorescence and become potentially danger ous (86-87).REFERENCESFuller, Thomas, and Elizabeth McClintock (1986). Poisonous Plants of California. Berkley, LA University of California Press. p. 15-20.Kingsbury, bathroom M. (1964a). Poisonous plants of the United Canada States and. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 79-86.Kingsbury, John M. (1968b). Harvest. New York, Chicago, San Francisco Holt Rinehart and Winston. P. 34-37.Morton, Julia F.D.Sc. (1977). Major Medicinal Plants Botany, Culture, and Uses. USA, capital of Illinois Charles C. Thomas Publisher. P. 4-9.Szezawinski, Adam PhD, and Nancy J. Turner. (1991). Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms of North America. Portland, surgery Timber Press. p. 64-66. Ergot Essay examples -- BotanyErgotErgot (Claviceps purpurea Tul.) is a poisonous fungus that is hazardous to animals and humans. It appears to be a small, hard, black, elongated structure that grows on and contaminants grains, which is called scelrotium. The appearance tends to look l ike mold. When eaten in quantity or small amounts over a period of time it can be highly toxic. Furthermore, it is a major problem for humans in North America but even more severe for animals. Humans are susceptible to being contaminated with this poisonous fungus because ergot can grow on mushrooms, rye, wheat, and barley. These are products that humans ingest everyday. Ergot is the most notorious poison because it includes several species of ascomycete fungi with complex life cycles that parasitize the grains of various cultivated and wild grasses. Therefore, it is necessary to check for ergot contamination, especially if they are home-grown grains.The epidemic or spreading phase of the ergot fungus occurs at the same time the grasses are in flower. Fungal spores infect the ovaries of the mature flower of the host plant. These develop mycelia (fine threadlike filaments). At this initial infection an excretion of honeydew (moist, sticky secretion) stage, develops and the mycelia co ntinue to grow within the ovaries of the host and become sclerotia (fruiting bodies). A sclerotium appears as a cylindrical, three sided body, slightly curved, hornlike, hard, grooved on one or both sides, dark purple next to black that is 1/3 to 1 1/2 inches long and 1/8 to 1/4 inches wide. There is a very unpleasant aroma (odor), which is somewhat fishy. The developed sclerotia finally falls to the ground to germinate in the summer at once or may wait until after the winter and germinate the ... ...y resulting in poisoning of animals by plants, in this instance has the opposite effect. It allows pasture grasses to develop an inflorescence and become potentially dangerous (86-87).REFERENCESFuller, Thomas, and Elizabeth McClintock (1986). Poisonous Plants of California. Berkley, LA University of California Press. p. 15-20.Kingsbury, John M. (1964a). Poisonous plants of the United Canada States and. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 79-86.Kingsbury, John M. (1968b) . Harvest. New York, Chicago, San Francisco Holt Rinehart and Winston. P. 34-37.Morton, Julia F.D.Sc. (1977). Major Medicinal Plants Botany, Culture, and Uses. USA, Springfield Charles C. Thomas Publisher. P. 4-9.Szezawinski, Adam PhD, and Nancy J. Turner. (1991). Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms of North America. Portland, Oregon Timber Press. p. 64-66.

Shakespeares View On Love Essay example -- William Shakespeare

Shakespeares View on LoveShakespeares plays are very drastic with how he ties approve into them. Shakespeare always adds prank or tragedy to any romance that might be taking place. For example in Twelfth Night, As You like It and Romeo and Juliet there is romance just he also puts come downdy in there so love is non that easy. In the play Othello he makes it into a tragedy which makes the love level off harder to take place. Shakespeare has always found a way to make love as complicated as he can which leads me to believe that he feels that you essential work for love and it should not be handed to you. Love is already complicated, but when Shakespeare is involved he makes sure at least two things come around that can make it harder for those who are in love to actually stay in love. Twelfth Night is a amative comedy which leads to romantic love being the main focus of the play. In this play, Shakespeare shows that love can cause pain. He does this by causing a love t riangle which includesgenus Viola likes Duke butDuke likes Olivia and Olivia like Cesario who is actually Viola disguised as her twin brother. Because of this confusing love triangle, some of the characters seem to view love as a curse. They also claim to suffer painfully from being in love or from the pangs of unrequited love. In Act 1 scene 5, Olivia describes love as a plague from which she suffers terribly. In Act 1 scene 1, Orsino depicts love dolefully as an appetite that he wants to satisfy and cannot. Another example of the characters not liking love is in Act 2 scene 2 when Viola says My state is desperate for my masters love. This quote relates to the violence in Act 5 scene 1 when Orsino threatens to kill Cesario because he thin... ...and they will go together. Clubs cannot part them. Act 5 scene 2This bud of love by summers ripening breath may prove a beauteous flower when next we meet. Romeo and Juliet Act 2 scene 1She loved me for the dangers I had passed, and I loved her that she did pity them. Othello Act 1 scene 3Give me my Romeo and, when he shall die, take him and cut him out in little stars, and he will make the face of heaven so fine that all the world will be in love with nighttime and pay no worship to the garish sun. Romeo and Juliet Whats in a name? That which we call a rose by any other enounce would smell as sweet. Romeo and JulietBut, soft what light through yonder window breaks? it is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Romeo and JulietGood night, beneficial night, parting is such sweet sorrow, that I shall say good night till it be morrow. Romeo and Juliet

Romaticism and Religion in German Nationalism Essay -- Analysis, Hans

Growing out of the wild-eyed movement of the 19th century, there were many factors and various groups that contributed to the rise of German nationalism. With the nation fragmented, and europium in social turmoil, the German people were lusting for spiritual and horny unity that attainment thinking could not provide. The population turned to existing religious groups, romantic thinkers, and secular political religions to fill the emotional gap that existed in a modernizing Europe.In the article, Romanticism and the Rise of German Nationalism, Hans Kohn attempts to show how romanticism developed from a completely artistic movement, into a crucial component in the rise of German nationalism. In the first of five sections, Kohn begins by describing the origins of the romantic movements opposition toward Enlightenment thinking, and of the French Revolution. He argues that the romantics revered history namely the middle ages which was the foundation for the development of the nation al community. This idealization of history that Kohn argues rejected the current times and had the emotional effect of instilling hope to the people, a point he makes clear when he states, The romantic movement began as an artistic revolt against eighteenth-century culture which seemed not to satisfy the soul and not to warm the heart. (FN, 445).The second section of the article focuses mainly on Novalis, who Kohn calls, The first great German romanticist.(FN, 447) He contends that Novalis wished the state vie more of an intimate role in peoples lives, but makes clear that this was not a political concept, but poetic.(FN, 448). He elaborates by stating that Novalis did not stress combination on a national basis, but based on the sp... ...an denominations namely Protestantism. Williamson makes this abundantly clear when he states, Indeed, I maintain in this prove that the zest for myth is best understood not as a secularization of traditional religion or as a form of secular re ligion, but quite a as a development within Christian (especially German Protestant) culture...(FN, 4) Williamson takes the time to discuss the reforms within Protestantism and keeps religion central in the study. This is a good study for anyone interested in nineteenth-century German intellectual history, and how religion played such a great role in the development of national ideas.In the center of great change on the European continent, Germany was left in a position of uncertainty. With the arrival of modernization, the population was looking for order and emotional fulfillment in a fragmented and changing nation.

Ameliorating Hospital Working Conditions Essay -- Nursing, CISM

It is found that most nurses love their work and hate their jobs (Berliner and Ginzberg 2742). Due to the current quality of the nurses environments, this is of no surprise. The major factor hindering the quality of hospitals is the train of stress in the workforce. While it is inevitable to eliminate stressors in all medical centers, how stress is perceived is a controllable factor. The idea of stress macrocosm controlled emphasizes the need for CISM schedules in all health facilities of America to cope with the critical incidents and stress that occur on a daily basis. CISM, as defined by Tracy, is a comprehensive, multi-component program based upon counseling principals and peer support processes designed to assist emergency health professionals when dealing effectively with the stressful components of their work (28). The program is thought to be the most effective type of counseling in hospitals for critical incidents and stress, due to its extensive step-by-step guideline. C ISM is expected to increase nursing staff, patient contentment, and overall create more efficient health care facilities by mitigating negative stress reactions in hospital workers. The program will provide a safer and healthier environment for both the nurses and patients in the medical centers. In a study, it was found that hospitals with more positive work environments for their nurses have higher patient satisfaction (Greenslade and Jimmieson 1189). The higher patient satisfaction is most likely due to nurses more emotionally prepared to care for their patients in a well-off environment. CISM programs provide that healthier environment and better working conditions in the hospital.CISM was created by Jeffrey Mitchell initially to reduce the ... ... (2003). Crisis Intervention and CISM A Research Summary. Ellicott City, Maryland, International hypercritical consequent Stress Foundation. Retrieved from http//cism.cap.gov/files/articles/CISM%20Research%2 0Summary.pdfParsley, Lee Ann, Conditions and strategies Affecting Interagency Collaboration in the Development of Critical Incident Stress Management Programs. Diss. U. of Ohio, 2003. UMI, 3093687. Print.Sieben, Laura. Staff Debriefing after a Critical Incident in the Emergency Department. Diss. College of Scholastica, 2009, UMI, 14738626. Print.Tracy, Scott. How Cumulative Stress Affected the Lived Experience of Emergency Medical Service Workers after a Horrific Natural hap Implications for Professional Counselors. Diss. Duquesne University, 2007. UMI, 3292249. Print.

Ameliorating Hospital Working Conditions Essay -- Nursing, CISM

It is found that most nurses love their work and hate their jobs (Berliner and Ginzberg 2742). Due to the current quality of the nurses environments, this is of no surprise. The major factor keep the quality of hospitals is the level of stress in the workforce. While it is inevitable to eliminate stressors in all medical centers, how stress is perceived is a controllable factor. The fancy of stress being controlled emphasizes the need for CISM programs in all health facilities of America to cope with the critical incidents and stress that occur on a daily basis. CISM, as defined by Tracy, is a comprehensive, multi-component program based upon counseling principals and peer support processes designed to assist emergency health professionals when dealing effectively with the nerve-wracking components of their work (28). The program is thought to be the most effective type of counseling in hospitals for critical incidents and stress, due to its extensive step-by-step guideline. CISM is expected to adjoin nursing staff, patient satisfaction, and overall create more efficient health care facilities by mitigating negative stress reactions in hospital workers. The program exit provide a safer and healthier environment for both the nurses and patients in the medical centers. In a study, it was found that hospitals with more positive work environments for their nurses have higher(prenominal) patient satisfaction (Greenslade and Jimmieson 1189). The higher patient satisfaction is most likely due to nurses more emotionally prepared to care for their patients in a thriving environment. CISM programs provide that healthier environment and better working conditions in the hospital.CISM was created by Jeffrey Mitchell initially to reduce the ... ... (2003). Crisis Intervention and CISM A Research Summary. Ellicott City, Maryland, supranational Critical Incident Stress Foundation. Retrieved from http//cism.cap.gov/files/articles/CISM%20Research%20S ummary.pdfParsley, Lee Ann, Conditions and strategies Affecting Interagency Collaboration in the Development of Critical Incident Stress Management Programs. Diss. U. of Ohio, 2003. UMI, 3093687. Print.Sieben, Laura. Staff Debriefing after a Critical Incident in the Emergency Department. Diss. College of Scholastica, 2009, UMI, 14738626. Print.Tracy, Scott. How Cumulative Stress Affected the Lived Experience of Emergency Medical Service Workers after a dire Natural Disaster Implications for Professional Counselors. Diss. Duquesne University, 2007. UMI, 3292249. Print.

Brainwashing Our Future Essay

Around the globe today, the belief that a perfect body existing is at an all in all-time high. With airbrushing being utilize on practically every photo of actors/actresses/models, young adults get the false sense that they have to be a special way to be prefect or normal level off. Its unjust that airbrushing photos leads these young adults to hate on themselves or on others for not being something that, in all reality, isnt even real. Airbrushed photos of modern font idols case teenagers to participate in unhealthy eating disorders, to bully fellow peers, and to obtain emotional problems that will stay with them for a lifetime.With airbrushing of photos also comes the unhealthy do of eating disorders in young adult, especially young women, to fulfill the belief that doing so will result in having matched up to their beauty and perfection (Petten Van). diseases deal anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating have become most commonly found in the adolescent population because of the se photos. In general, teen lady friends grow up beholding airbrushed photos which cause the desire to be perfect, later resulting in eating disorders. 42% of 1st to 3rd grade girls want to be thinner and 86% females report onset of eating disorder by age 20 43% report onset between ages 16 and 20 (Eating Disorder Statistics). As a result, death rate of young adults has increased immensely and continues to surrender the hope of ever ending the cycle of teen disorders. Generally, as the phone number of adolescents who attain an eating disorder increases, so does the number of deaths to the teen population.Airbrushing also contributes to bullyrag. Young adults are given the idea that one has to be a specific way in order to be accepted, so as a rule, teenagers bully one another out of jealousy or belief that all should fit what is seen as the norm due to airbrushing. But in return, there is the 5% of Americans that naturally possess the body type portrayed in time images (Eating D isorder Statistics). That 5% is also bullied by those brainwashed by society to see it as the standard form. It makes sense that a healthy girl does not have a solid sense of who she is and can be very susceptible to thinking one should look want the models, even though themodel is airbrushed and really only a fantasy (Cooper). Demi Lovato, a young teen pop star, has openly aired her troubles many times, describing the effects eating disorders and bullying that resulted from social media, like airbrushed photos, had on her life (LaPort). Bullying is the result of teens not having many idols that are raw and going through what many of them are (LaPort).Summing up the overall touch on airbrushing has on adolescents comes down to these emotional predicaments that can stay on ones heart and mind until the very last breath. As a victim of bullying, my cousin Morgan shared her thoughts and feelings on her experiences. The things they said were so harshunforgettable, she whispered. Every day I look at myself and repeat those words, even though I physically know they arent true. She is one of 160,000 children who miss school every day due to fear of attack or bullying by other students (Make Beats Not Beat Downs Facts and Statistics). Bullying and eating disorders do not have short term effects, and can affect even the most confident person on the planet. These long term emotional situations are hurting the young minds of society and it all comes back to the skeletal use of airbrushing.Some believe airbrushing is just and imagea fantasy if you will, regardless of the effect it has on adolescents (Cooper). Which is true, but teenagers are at the arcdegree of learning who they are and look to these photos of their idols to help decide, or figure out, who exactly is it that they see themselves being as adults. Others believe that airbrushing protects the eyes of younger minds from inappropriate matters like tattoos, thongs, or smoking. In response, the sooner one le arns what the real world has to offer, bad and good, the sooner one realizes that everything isnt perfect and can make decisions based on actual matters. Parents cannot protect children from the ideas of society surrounding them no matter how much they try. Would one rather children learn by looking at something everywhere nearly them or by hearing it from a mind not brainwashed by the wrong doings?The governments that allow the use of airbrushing on models and actors could easily kick the bucket a law to ban the deceptive practice of airbrushing. But thegovernment wont act unless the citizens act upon it first. By celebrities themselves opposing the act of an artist reconstructing their photos, and sewing them if done regardless, soon enough there wont be any airbrushed photos to be released to the public. Previous victims of eating disorders or bullying should befool a stand and tell the government, and its people, just how badly these photos affect the generations of society t oday. If not stopped now, then when will airbrushing ever come to an end? Its time to end it and stop brainwashing our future.Works CitedA) Catapano, Rosanna. ANAD (The National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders) n.p. n.d. Web. 22 March 2013. B) Diller, Vivian. Is Photoshop Destroying Americas Body Image. Huffpost Post. N.p. n.d. Web. 22 March 2013. C) Petten Van, Vanessa. Photoshop The solvent On Teen Girls and Why It Needs to be Banned. Radical Parenting. n.p. n.d. Web. 22 March 2013.

Alfred Marshall

Alfred marshal became one of the most influential economists of his time. His book, Principles of Political Economy (1890) brought together the theories of tack and demand, of marginal order and of the costs of takings into a coherent whole. It became the dominant scotch textbook in England for a long period . Born in London, and educated at St Johns College, Cambridge, Marshall alsok the mathematics tripos.By 1868 he was college lecturer in honourable sciences at St Johns College, with particular responsibility for teaching political economy. In 1885 he became professor at Cambridge University, retiring in 1908. Marshall was regarded as one of the founders of the neoclassical school in political economy and the most influential figure in the marginalist tradition of British economics. He dominated economics at Cambridge University almost to his death with many disciples, including A. C. Pigou, the young J. M. Keynes, and D. H. Robertson.His major contributions related to the economics of the stationary state, wellbeing economics, and partial equilibrium analysis although claims could be made on his behalf for much that became part of economics textbooks over generations, including innovations relating to utility theory, economies of scale, and supply curves. Marshall saw economics as concerned with those aspects of human behavior open to pecuniary influences and sufficiently regular and ubiquitous to permit statements of broad scope and some persistence.While of importtaining that some heeded moral imperatives might be impervious to pecuniary considerations, he conceded that most behaviors lay within the ambit of the measuring rod of money. On the other hand, he emphasized that motivation was not merely a matter of pursuing pecuniary self interest, even broadly conceived to include interests of family and friends. He stressed the human require for social approbation or distinction, and the pleasures of skilful activity. Marshall developed a number of economic theories that main of which argon the following essential Theory Marshalls treatment of the theory of demand is sketchy, concentrating on the demand for a single commodity, or commodity group, against a loosely defined background. One of the outcomes of his Demand Theory is that demand expenditure and consumer surplus are proportional to the marginal utility and the utility benefit, respectively, the proportionality factor being the reciprocal of the individuals marginal utility of money. This result is fundamental for Marshalls welfare analysis.The now-familiar concept of demand elasticity proportional measure qualifying divided by proportional price change -was first defined by Marshall. Production and Long-Period Competitive Supply In deriving the long-period supply curve of a commodity, Marshall envisages crop as nonionized by firms, typically family businesses. Each firm strives to minimize its production costs, substituting one productive factor or production method for another match to the Principle of Substitution.In its simpler forms this involves marginalist adjustment to bring relative marginal value products into line with relative marginal costs. But more generally, the Principle of Substitution is akin to a natural selection process, being a special and limited application of the law of survival of the fittest . Marshalls firms do not have costless access to a common production function, but must grope and experiment their way to cost-reducing modifications. The long period supply curve is defined for a given state of general scientific and technical knowledge. But each firm must explore this to some extent anew.The conception of competition in Marshalls manufacturing case is much closer to later ideas of imperfect or monopolistic competition than to modern notions of perfect competition. Products are differentiated and firms are not price takers. Even if the difficulties of rapidly building up a firms internal organization can be overcome, the resulting enlarged getup can not be sold at a price covering cost even granted substantial scale economies in production without going through the slow process of building up a clientele and shifting the firms particular demand curve.The time this takes is assumed to be commodious relative to the duration of the firms initial vitality. But in some cases the difficulties of rapid expansion may be overcome. They may not have been very severe, as when different firms products are highly substitutable, or the firms founder may have unusual genius. In such cases the industry will pass into a monopoly or be dominated by a few, strategically-interacting firms, or conditional monopolies as Marshall termed them . Price Determination and Period AnalysisThe long-period supply curve for any safe(p) indicates for each market quantity the least price at which that quantity will continue indefinitely to be supplied. The equilibrium price and quantity (long period) are determ ined by the intersection of this supply curve with the negatively sloped market demand curve, indicating the highest uniform price at which any total quantity can be sold. In an agricultural case, equilibrium will be unique as the supply curve slopes positively. But in a manufacturing case, the supply curve, as well as the demand curve, will have negative slope, so that multiple equilibrium can occur.Equilibrium is adjudged locally stable if demand price is above (below) supply price at a quantity just below (above) the equilibrium quantity. The intuitive justification for this is that the actual price of any useable quantity is determined by the demand price, opus quantity produced tends to increase whenever an excess of market price over supply price promises high profits, while it tends to decrease in the opposite case. Period analysis is Marshalls most explicit and self-conscious application of the comparative-static, partial-equilibrium method with which his name will incessa ntly be associated.As he observed, the most important among the many uses of this method is to classify forces with reference to the time which they require for their work and to impound in Ceteris Paribus those forces which are of pocketable importance relatively to the particular time we have in view Normal Value and Normal Profit Normal value is defined as the value which would result if the economic conditions under view had time to work out undisturbed their full effect . It is contrasted with market value, which is the actual value at any time .Normal value is hypothetical, its role being to indicate underlying tendencies. The normal value of a commodity may approximate its average value over periods sufficiently long for the fitful and irregular causes , which dominate market value to cancel out, but this should not be presupposed automatically outside a hypothetical stationary state. Profit was viewed by Marshall as the residual income accruing to a firms owner, a return to the investment of his own swell and to the pains he suffers in exercising his business power in planning, supervision and control.Normal profit is essentially an opportunity cost, the minimum return necessary to control the owners inputs to their current use, or rather to accomplish this for an owner of normal ability. Marshall presumes that there is a large and elastic supply of various actual or potential owner managers of normal ability. In long-period equilibrium each of these must just receive the same normal rates of return on his investment and exercise of business power whatever his line of business. The brief survey of economic theories constructed by Alfred Marshall provides the grounds to maintain that the main field of his activity was macroeconomics.His theories include most of Ten Principles of economics. Specifically such principles as People face tradeoffs and The cost of something is what you give up to get it and sensible people think at the margin are consid ered in his Demand Theory, while principles Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity and Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes are considered in interrelated markets and distribution theory and finally the principle Prices rise when the government prints too much money is included in his monetary theory.BibliographyMarshall, A. (1893) On Rent. In C. W. Guillebaud, A. Marshall (1961), Principles of Economics. Vol. II , 492 -512.Marshall, A. (1890) The Principles of Economics, Retrieved on Feb. 19, 2007 from http//www. ecn. bris. ac. uk/het/marshall/prin/.Medema, Steven G. , Samuels, Warren J. (Eds. ). (2003) The History of Economic Thought A Reader. New York Routledge.OBrien, D. P. (1981) A. Marshall. In D. P. OBrien and J. R. Presley (Eds. ), Pioneers of Modern Economics in Britain (36-71). London Macmillan.Robertson, H. M. (1970) Alfred Marshalls aims and methods illustrated from his treatment of distribution. History of Political Economy, 2 (1), 1-6 5.Whitaker, J. K. (1986) The continuing relevance of Alfred Marshall. In R. D. C. Black (Ed. ) Ideas in Economies, London Macmillan.

Opportunities for Students to Practice Speaking in Class

This class is composed of 30 educatees in Grade 6 aged from 13 to 14, whose English level is quite deferent. About 20% of them are good at English, and they are active and participant in class, while 40% of them are poor at English, so they often remain quiet In class and some ages cant follow the teacher. And the rest of them are of average level. They want to nab English well and are trying as hard as possible, but sometimes they are shy in class and like to be audiences rather than getting involved n class activities themselves.In this lesson, I want to focus on helping students compare and describe life in distinguishable places by using different objurgate patterns to express recent and present events. In addition, during the whole lesson hope to crate more opportunities for students to practice speaking in class as well as encourage the weak and average students to speak out their Ideas bravely. Sample 1. circumstance At the beginning of the class, I showed students deuc e maps of Kittys old and new flat and asked them, Did she live near or far away from school? However, one of the students dissolvered, Yes, she lived far away from school. colour Since this was the second blockage of a new lesson, I intended to check how much the students had learned nearly the text in the previous period, so I started it with an alternative question. However, the student didnt answer it right, which was beyond my expectation. To grade 6 students, the lead-in metre seemed to be too complicated with alternative question for them to grasp though they were simple. They werent able to suffice correctly both In content and grammar. Appropriately In engage grading plays a vital role In a language teacher.Therefore, instead of Glenn a confusing lead-in instruction, I could have simply elicited a question, Did Kitty live near school? Which would be easy for them to answer without feeling nervous after answering it wrong. And I can lead in the new lesson in an more e ffective way. Sample 2 Context in the final part of the lesson, I asked students to work in pairs and talk intimately their deferent school life by using the given sentence patterns and key words. While one pair was doing the practice in front of the whole class, another pair of dents was still talking to each other about the class activity.In order to keep the class under control, I neglected the two students who were doing the practice and simply said In a loud voice, Lets get a line to them carefully and no chatting However, embarrassed. Comment Although classroom management is a must for an effective lesson, my tone of instruction to keep the class under control was not very friendly. I shouldnt have interrupted the students because it broke their chain of thought suddenly and they didnt know what to do in that situation. Instead, I could have monitored the class in an more effective way by walking to them and asking them to stop talking with my body language.Sample 3 Contex t In order to have a smooth transit from Kittys life in different places to students real life in different schools, I created a situation by saying, Tom is a photographer( stress on the first syllable) for our school newspaper, and he has taken many photos about our school life. Please look at his pictures on the PPTP and think about the life in your primary school. Lets work in pairs and finish the speaking activity together. Comment Accuracy in word pronunciation when giving a clear instruction is a basic requirement for a language teacher.Here, I gave an inaccurate stress on the word photographer. The correct stress should be on the second syllable instead of the first one. Enough attention should be paid next time I speak out the word. Sample 4 Context In a drill related to the key sentence patterns of the lesson, I showed students two pictures of a smooth pool and the sea and elicit a dialogue for them to practice as follows T What did Kitty and Ben do when they lived in th e city enter? S When they lived in the city cracker bonbon, they swim in the swimming pool. T They swim? S Oh, they swam in the swimming pool.T Now they live in the suburbs. Where do they swim? In the sea. S Now they swim Comment In order to make the student aware of his mistake in grammar, I repeat the mistake with rising intonation and stress on the fictitious word so that he can pay attention to it and correct themselves immediately. Here I tried to get students to self-correct with echo correct clearly and effectively and I got instant expected feedback. Sample 5 Context Two pictures were shown on the PPTP about Kitty and Ben getting up when they lived in the city focalize and when they live in the suburbs.There was a clock elicit the following questions T Look at the picture. What time did Kitty and Ben get up in the past? S They got up at seven oclock in the past. T Did they get up late? S Yes, they did. T Now look at this picture. What time do they get up now? S Now they get up at half past six. T Do they get up late now? S No, they dont. They get up early. T Can you finish the sentence now? When they lived in the city center, they Now they live in the suburbs, and they After answering these questions, students can finish the sentence easily and correctly.Comment In order to check whether students have understood the target sentence structure When they lived . , they got up I elicited several concept checking questions to make sure that they have grasped the center of a new sentence structure. I broke down the meaning or concept of the target structure into a number of simple questions for students to have a clear idea of it. Besides, I also showed the employed sentence on the PPTP to make the pattern of the grammar clear so that the students can memorize it better.Sample 6 Context Two pictures were shown on the PPTP. One was a TV train and the other was the sky full of bright stars. T Now lets look at the two pictures. (Teacher points to the pict ures). They are about Ben and Kittys life at night. This time lets do a pair work in two minutes. (Show students the pattern of pair work) Lets go SSL What did Kitty and Ben do at night when they lived in the city center? SO When they , they SSL Now they live in the suburbs. What do they do at night? SO Now they K, time is up. Lets come back.Any volunteers? (Students raised their hands). K, good. Stand up please. Comment Although it is not always necessary to use Instruction Concept Questions, they can often make sure that the learners know exactly what they are asked to do in class step by step. Here I broke down my instructions into a series of simple chunked statements so that students could understand and oppose to them quickly. As a result, they could be more involved and participant in the class activities and contribute more to the class. Candidate Name Lion Gonzalez

In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficient and the Most Merciful

Ans. 1 (a) Quality Control Issues While assigning the audit use to Mr. Manzoor Nazar, the firm ignored the threat which existed due to his earlier intention to join WL as an employee. Mr. Manzoor also failed to update the firm or so this matter, due to which firm could not ascertain the self-interest threat to independence and objectivity of the action partner. Engagement partner did not ensure the engagement reviewer had been appointed. As a upshot, strong matters arising during the audit could not be discussed or resolved. No consultation was undertaken on disadvantage loss give away, which was contentious and material. It appears that engagement partner resolved the difference of panorama among the team segment and the job in charge by imposing his decision without satisfying the team member.No avenue was available to the team member to assert his notion. The following Risk Factors do not seem to submit been considered Change in table of Directors and signifi enkindlet change in Management. Valuation of flora and machinery was being done by an employee who whitethorn pass been an expert but his independence was questionable. Sudden change of assessment in the paygrade creates doubts on the reliability of the work done. Informing stock exchanges well-nigh impairment loss, uncertainty on fair value of plant and machinery, issue of right sh atomic number 18s at declined market expense and acquisition of right shares by directors and their associates point to an apparent want of the Board of directors to accumulate WLs shares at low determine. Deficiencies in audit Approach In view of the precautions perceived motive of presenting poor financial position to affect the market price, the representation by the direction as regards impairment of plant and machinery is not a reliable differentiate. Opinion of the internal expert seems to have been i nfluenced by the directors and the guidance. Thus, it should not have been considered as appropriate evidence. Due contemplation was not given to the auditors previous experience and evidences that were already available in previous stratums working paper files. Audit credence on a significant matter was formed without corroborating other evidences. Recommendation An independent valuation expert be appointed to form an opinion on valuation of plant and machinery. If independent valuation supports the opinion of the internal expert, ascertain whether or not valuation done in previous year was erroneous. In occurrence of error in previous years, comparative financial statements be amended after completion of valuation exercise. In case valuation exercise cannot be completed, the audit subject field should contain an emphasis of matter paragraph on significant uncertainty. If independent valuation does not supp ort the opinion of the internal expert, the auditor should Re-assess the risk of fraudulent misstatement by management and those charged with governance. Consider whether misstatement due to fraud involves higher management and those charged with governance, in which case the firm may consider withdrawal from the engagement. Ans. 2 As soon as we come to know most the above stated facts, we should immediately progress to the client and inform them that unless the auditors have signed their makeup on the financial statements, such financial statements go away remain and be deemed unaudited. SECP should be informed roughly the situation Legal opinion should be taken. The auditor may take necessary steps to inform the shareholders either immediately or in the AGM about the possible impact on the financial statements. Ans. 3 (i) Evidence of subsequent recovery of long outstanding debt leave be evaluated. If the evidence of r ecovery is suitable and appropriate, the financial statements will be revised and issued to the shareholders along with a fresh auditors report. In case of variant with the management on this issue, the auditor will issue a qualified opinion and will also take necessary actions to prevent reliance on the previous report. If the evidence is not sufficient or appropriate, the management will be asked to change the directors report. (ii) Reason for decline in sales is a matter of opinion and will have no impact on audit. (iii) The figure presented on graph may be due to typographical mistake, correction of which should be communicated to the users. In case of disagreement with the management an emphasis of matter paragraph will have to be included in the audit report. However, if the figure is correct on the graph, the error in previous period will have to be rectified retrospectively.In case of disagreement opinion will be appropriately qu alified. (iv) The matter of acquisition of a sick unit will be discussed with the management, as it is a material misstatement of fact (although not affecting the financial statements).In case of disagreement, auditor will taste legal opinion. Ans. The implications of the various issues referred to in the question, on the auditor report, are discussed hereunder (i) Failure to observe stock count Ordinarily the auditor is not unavoidable to perform the procedure of observation for obtaining evidence in a review engagement. Analytical procedure will be sufficient in this case. in that location will be no implication on auditors review report. (ii) Exposure to significant exchange rate risk Auditor is not so-called to give any assurance on the enough of the managements risk management activities. Auditor is responsible to assess whether the derivatives, as discussed, have been accounted for and presented concord t o the requirement of the International Financial Reporting amounts. However, if open position casts a significant threat to the viability of the companys business, the auditor may draw the charge of the reader of conclusion report by adding an emphasis of matter paragraph in the report. (iii) Sale of one of the companys set-up to an associated undertaking The information about the sale of the business segment to a related party is necessary for understanding the changes in financial position. Therefore, an explanatory note should be included in the condensed financial statements. Ordinarily the auditor is not required to corroborate the evidence provided by the management. In case management refuses to disclose this information, suitable modification will be considered. (iv) Discontinuation of the practice of using Age Analysis for noisome debts estimation Apparently, bad debt provision is following the diachronic trend. The aud itor is required to persue inquiry and analytically review procedures in a review engagement. If the results of such procedures are satisfactory, then no further procedures are required. Accordingly age analysis for estimating bad debts is not mandatory in this situation. There will be no implication on audit report. (v) Failure to carry out review of subsequent events In a review engagement auditor is not responsible to review subsequent events. Management is inquired about the procedure it has followed to identify subsequent adjusting event. There will be no implication on audit report. Ans. 5 Audit procedure to verify Provision for sales return Apparently, the provision do by the company has no plausible background. The actual returns during the year are Rs. 130 million as against the total sales of Rs. 650 million. If the sales and sales returns are made evenly throughout the year, a plain application of r eturn percentage suggests that the provision should be nearly Rs. 32. 5 million. In the above destiny the auditor should obtain an understanding of the entitys assumptions on which estimate is based. If the basis is considered inappropriate, the auditor should make a revised estimate either on his protest or by using expert opinion.The estimate should be based on manufacturing practice and trend of sales return comparison of industry and companys terms of sale Trend of sales return in the company i. e. sales return with-in first 15 days between 16 to 30 days between 31 45 and so on. Own estimate vigilant on the above assumptions will be compared with managements estimates. If the difference is material, the management will be asked to explain. Subsequent sales returns up to the date of authorization will also provide an evidence about the reasonableness or otherwise of the managements estimate. Ans. 6 (a) Verbal confirmation from loca l Government as regards the resolution of dispute on superior adequacy and price computation of cement, will not be considered as appropriate/sufficient audit evidence. Refusal of written confirmation is a scope boundary and unless other appropriate evidence is available the report will need to be modified. Managements intention to use the auditors report for the purpose of dealing with the local government is beyond the scope of the engagement. Therefore, the auditors report should specify the agreed intended use thereof. Interpretations given in Regulation JKL, 1961 were utilize to form the opinion on compliance relating to minimum list level and price computation. Therefore, the Regulation should also be referred to in the report for better understanding of the assurance. Not renewing performance guarantee is a clear non-compliance which needs to be reported as qualification. Decision to keep the inventory with distributors could not be co nsidered as a non-compliance because these are covered under binding contracts and the purpose of the arrangement is also mentioned in the contract. (b) We have audited Cement moderates compliance with certain covenants of cement supply agreement No. XYZ/2004 dated November 03, 2004 read with Local Regulation JKL 1961, executed between the company and the Local Government. The purpose of the report is to fulfill the condition attached to an application to be filed with the Provincial Government to obtain a cement supply contract. We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing-800 The Independent Auditors Report on Special Purpose Audit Engagement applicable to compliance auditing. The Standard requires that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance as to whether Cement Limited has complied with the agreement referred to in preceding paragraph. An audit ncludes examining appropriate ev idence on a test basis. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion . We report that We could not directly confirm, from the Local Government, the status of non-compliance of slap-up adequacy and price computation of quick-set cement. The company failed to maintain a performance guarantee with a scheduled bank, which is a violation of the agreement. In our opinion, boot out for the effect on the overall compliance, if any, as might have been determined, had we been able to obtain the confirmation from the Local Government in respect of capital adequacy and price computation of quick-set cement and the non-compliance stated in paragraph (b) above, as of December 31, 2007, the Company was, in all material respects, in compliance with the covenants of price computation, minimum inventory level and other matters related to financial reporting of the agreement referred to in the preceding paragraphs. AUDI TOR Date Address C Views of the management on job fourth dimension It is true that auditors have already reviewed the subject agreement during the audit of the financial statements. However, the review was different in nature as discussed below Materiality was set on the basis of certain values of Materiality was set on the basis of principles agreed at financial statements. the time of engagement. During the audit only those clauses of the agreement wouldIn the given engagement the auditors were required to have been studied which could impact the revenue and obtain assurance about the managements claim of expenditure and risk of loss. compliance with all the clauses which may or may not have significant financial impact on the company. The agreement was among one of the very Since only this agreement was the subject of the auditors large number of documents that could have required repor t, it required far spacious examination. auditors fear.Hence only a general review of the aforementioned(prenominal) was required. Due to these differences the nature and extent of examination of agreement was much larger in this engagement than in audit. Accordingly, considerable time was required to complete the engagement. (d) Appointment of Mr.Sharif Since Mr. Sharif was also the engagement partner on the audit of Cement Ltd. , his appointment for this assignment may result in self review threat. Ans. 7 (a) The matters which should be considered while driveing the assignment and assigning the job to Mr.Umer are as follows Acceptance of engagement thickening acceptance consideration, such as, integrity of management, expertise available in firm etc will be given. Whether the assumptions being used are clearly realistic. Whether the time rig prescribed by the Board of Directors is sufficient . Whether the projected financial statements and auditors report will be appropriate for the intended use. Although the firm is legally allowed to accept the assignment, adequate safeguards should be considered n view of the fact that one of the partners wife had financial interest in the entity and close family relations with the CFO of the company. There should be an agreement with the management that abridged projections must contain a caution for shareholders that for better understanding complete set of prospective financial statements be referred. unattackable should also consider whether it will be able to carry out the engagement with due professional competence even if Mr. Umer is unable to be the engagement partner. Assigning the job to Mr. Umer Since the wife of Mr. Umer has financial interest in the company as a shareholder, Mr. Umer is not expected to carry out the assignment with the level of objectivity required for t he engagement. Therefore, he should not be appointed as engagement partner. (b) We have examined the projection of XYZ Business Segment of Fiber Limited in accordance with the International Standard on Assurance Engagements applicable to the examination of prospective financial information. Management is responsible for the projections including the assumptions set out in set X on which it is based. This projection has been prepared for assuring the viability of the segment referred to in preceding paragraph. As the segment is in development phase the projection has been prepared using a set of assumptions that include hypothetical assumptions about future events and managements action that are not necessarily expected to occur. Consequently, the users are cautioned that the projection may not be appropriate for purposes other than those described above. Based on our examination of the evidence supporting the assumpti ons, nothing has come to our attention which causes us to believe that these assumptions do not provide a reasonable basis for the projection. Further, in our opinion the projection is properly prepared on the basis of the assumptions and is presented in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards. Even if the events anticipated under the hypothetical assumptions described above occur, actual results are still potential to be different from the projection since other anticipated events frequently do not occur as expected and the variation may be material. (c) The historical financial statements provide the auditors with the knowledge of companys business and trends and relation that would exist among the elements of financial statements and a yardstick for considering managements assumptions. The auditors also uses historical financial statements to assess whether the prospective financial statements have been prepared on the basis consistent with them. Ans. (i) Judgmental Sampling Advantages Disadvantages As the approach is being used for many years so its well understood and refined by experience. The auditor can bring his judgment and experience into play. No special knowledge of statistics is required. Time saved form non deployment of statistical methods may be spent on carrying out further audit procedures on different areas. Saving of extra resources such as computer soft wares. Selecting samples with large amounts facilitates greater coverage. It is not based on any scientific technique. No quantitative results are obtained. face-to-face bias in the selection of sample is unavoidable. There is no real logic behind the selection of the sample or its size The conclusion reached is commonly vague. (ii) Statistical Sampling Advantages Disadvant ages It is based on scientific techniques Special software is available to help efficient execution The method is impartial and can be defended easily It provides precise mathematical statements about probabilities of being correct The method is efficient as the same level of confidence can be achieved with a relatively smaller sample.Overlarge sample size are not taken The system in different audit firms tend to become standardized It can be used by staff at all levels It lacks flexibility Often several attributes of transactions or documents are tested at the same time Lacks human judgement and more reliance is placed on statistical conclusion As the technique is not always understood, false conclusions may also be drawn. Ans. 9 (a) The following issues are significant in respect of the donation of Rs. 15 million Donations represent 25% of the total sell and administration expenses. Such a huge amount of donation by a company which has already incurred a loss casts serious doubts about the motive behind such donation. Audit procedures to address the issue may involve the following Obtain information about the charitable institution i. e. its name, nature, registration and reputation. inventory possibility of any relationship between the two organizations, their directors/trustees and their spouses and relatives etc. Verify mode of payment i. e. cash, bearer cheque, crossed cheque etc. Verify boon and authorization. Assess the relevance of the donation to the nature of business of the company. (b) Since appropriate business consideration does not seem to be involved, mere approval by the Board would not confirm that the expenditure has been incurred for the purpose of the companys business. If the auditor is unable to satisfy himself on the above issue he will have to qualify the report by stating the br ief facts of the case. using the except for type of qualification, while certifying that the business has been conducted in accordance with the objects of the company. (THE END)

Describe and assess one theory of cognitive development Essay

Piaget argued that CD is based on the development of schemas. This refers to a psychological structure representing all of a persons knowledge of actions or fair games, e.g. gripping or driving. To perform a new skill which the person has no schema they substantiate to bestow from previous skills that they have. This is called assimilation, where they have pulled previous schemas together then adapted and changed them to fit their caper through accommodation. For example when a person is learning to juggle a person can already grasp, throw and catch so they use the schemas that they have for these skills to perform the skill of juggling. When a person feels confident and comfortable with the task that they are performing they are said to be in a state of equilibrium.Piaget believed that children go through 4 stages of CD Sensori-motor (0-2yrs)- in this stage children have no object permanence. So if they were playing with a recreate and it fell prohibited of sight they would no t realise it had even existed. Piaget said that the skill of object permanence came at ab disclose 9 months. The second stage of CD is the pre-operational stage (2-7yrs), at this stage language is developing but children are unable to conserve (understand that shapes can change without the mass or size having to change) or decentre (cant understand things from another persons point of view).This is also known as the hypothesis of mind. In the concrete operational stage (7-11yrs) children have developed the system of mind and are also able to conserve if the problem is concrete/visual. The final examination stage is Formal operational stage (11yrs- onwards). In this stage children are able to work things out abstractly so this is the stage in which children acquire to be taught algebra.The above ideas about CD were based on Piagets own research. Most of the studies were carried out solely on his own three children. The studies were carried out in the form of clinical interviews and tasks and all the results and observation were recorded in a diary.One strength of Piagets opening comes in the detailed bread and butter evidence, which he himself provided. One of his tasks investigated object permanence. He gave a baby a toy and they played happily with it. But then he covered the toy with some cloth. Even though the baby had seen the toy hidden it failed to look for it and it appeared he didnt even remember it had been there. This suggests that ideas are underpinned by detailed confirmable research, which provides a sound foundation for the theory.A further strength is that Piagets theory has been applied to education and has lead to improvements in the quality of teaching and learning. breakthrough learning is where children learn through play and interaction. They handle and perform what they are learning so that it sticks in their mind. For example to learn how plants grow a tell will be split in to thirds one group taking cornerstone some cress pla cing it on the windowsill and watering it daily. Another group takes home some cress, which they place in a cupboard and water daily and then the final group who place their cress on the windowsill but acceptt water. From this they will visually see the importance that water and light play in survival of plants. This is important, as they cant think abstractly. This suggests that Piaget theory has had a great impact on primary school teaching methods and he showed children dont just think like little adults. more thanover later researchers have been critical of Piagets methodology. He carried out his research on his three children for starters this number is too small and means that results cant generalised. The children were born from a genius so it is likely that they arent typical examples of children in society. As his research was high on ecological validity it meant that it was pocket-sized on reliability. This suggests that if the tasks were repeated its unlikely that the researchers could repeat them exactly as Piaget did them.A further weakness is that more recent research has thrown doubt on the ages that Piaget suggested. For example Bower carried out a study in to object permanence where he put a mother and baby in a room with a toy. After the child had been playing happily he turned the light off. Due to infrared lights Bower could see how the child behaved and it reached out to find the toy even though it was out of sight. This suggests that we need to rethink the age of stage shifts due to up-to-date/ recent findings.In conclusion, although Piagets theory has some weaknesses it remains one of the key theories of CD. However in contrast to Piagets view, Vigotsky took quite a different view. He laid much more emphasis on social interaction and cultural factors and on interaction with adults shaping CD. Perhaps a combination of their ideas is the way forward.

Conflict: Government and Policy Team

Case Study3 The Poisoned Chalice By Matthew Mcdonald, University of New South Wales Joseph had been a aggroup leader for cardinal years and felt he was ready to take the next step in his public service career. He had begun his career as a potassium alum trainee in the Department of Agriculture after completing a double degree in commerce and environmental science. After his traineeship he was offered permanency as a constitution officer, at last rising to the post of police squad leader. As a team leader Joseph felt he had gained the trust and respect of his tetrad staff member and had learnt the basic skills of being a contendr.Joseph applied for various management speckles within his confess department without success. Undeterred, he applied for a position in another judicature department responsible for environment and heritage and was successful. The role involved taking over the position of manager of a Taskforce that had been tick up five months previously. The tas kforce was made up of 10 team members responsible for developing and implementing a set of government policies and programs designed to assist primary producers to manage better the environmental threats to their land.Joseph couldnt have been happier with his forward-looking promotion and he looked forward to applying what he had learned as a team leader to the challenges of his new post. The taskforce itself was divided into two teams. The early team- the policy team was responsible for developing policies in consultation with the ministers office that would underpin the programs to be eventually rolled put all over the coun look for. This team was made up of highly experienced member. The second team- the executing team was responsible for implementing the policies developed by the policy team.The job of the implementation team was to deal with the logistic of implementing the programs and working with the numerous stakeholders involved. For Joseph, everything started put well in his new position. He gradually got to hump distributively of the team members, who seemed skilled and competent in each of their roles. He also began to understand better the job that the taskforce was required to do. However, as the days moody into weeks some major problems in the taskforce began to appear.The first major problem was that other sections within the department were unhelpful and difficult to deal with when he made requests of them or sought to initiate collaborations. When he asked his staff why this was the case, the most common response was that the department had had it in for the taskforce as posing a threat to their own positions. The bad blood between the taskforce and the rest of the department made Josephs position vary difficult because he and his staff were heavily reliant on other areas of the department for their expertise, advice and assistance in order to manage the project successfully.The second major problem was the taskforce itself, Joseph beg an to realize that the two teams were highly antagonistic towards each other. This was evident in taskforce meetings, where there was an obvious hostility between them. Joseph also discovered that very little had been achieved since the taskforce was setup, and found that it was now well behind the governments schedule. However, the full implications of Josephs predicament became apparent only after a revealing conversation with Alison, a junior member of the implementation team, bit working back late one evening.Alison told Joseph that the previous manager of the taskforce, John, had left the position because of the problems associated with it, everything had started out well however, then the policy team had begun to treat the implementation team as inferior because the implementation team members were younger in age, were less experienced and had made a major blunder in the first few weeks by getting a national farmers union offside. After this blunder the policy team had begun to refer to the implementation team as the idiots.The policy team had also taken a superior attitude towards members of other sections within the department because of their close relationship with the ministers office. This problem came to a head after a chain of emails had been leaked to the rest of the department by a member of the implementation team, who had inadvertently received them, in the emails, members of the policy team had made disparaging remarks about people from other section with whom they had been working, this had created a furors in the department.As a result, a number of formal complaints about members of the policy team had been made. Instead of dealing with this and the other problem associated with the taskforce, the previous manager, John, had closeted himself away in his office, hoping they would go away. Realizing that events were starting to get out of control, Johns manager. Max, had stepped in to try and sort out the situation. He had done this by int ercommunicate with all of the taskforce members both individually and as a group.This had made a difference for a short time however, the antagonism between the two teams in the taskforce had eventually returned, and it had seemed the nothing could be done to repair the damage inflicted by the leaking of the emails. It was at this menstruation that John had resigned. Due to the taint that hung over the taskforce, no one in the department had been willing to apply for the now vacant position of taskforce manager. After speaking with Alison, Joseph realized he had been handed a poisoned chalice that nobody else wanted.He became very worried that the taskforce would not meet the departments and the governments objectives and timelines, and the he would be damn for its failure, adversely affecting his long-term career and future promotion prospects. Discussion Questions 1. Using the model of conflict processes, identify the sources of conflict between the policy team and the implement ation team. 2. Were Maxs actions appropriate in this situation? If so, why? If not, what should he have done instead? 3. What actions should Joseph take to ensure that the taskforce meets the governments objectives and timelines?

Project Management Integration Framework

Financial gamble com mission nookie be defined as the unequivocal sourcing of practical guidance on market instruction and credit risk. It crapper be subdivided into two parts, which argon, the macro instruction and the micro risk commission. There argon a number of differences between the two risk management approaches. For example, in macro risk management, there is application of technology to alleviate financial risks or losses. This influence net be done by focusing on the risk management of a level an approach which is unmistakable further takes a lot of time.The major tool used in this confinement is the use of stress test upon portfolios which analyzes the joint force of the wider set of risks in meaningful ways. This process provides much information about the risk and provides an opportunity for diligent analysis (Dash, 2004). Even though the risk commonly has been notified to the management, the total risk that is inbuilt into the system is not discarded. The concentration on the financial system olibanum changes the risk profile in the industry. The risk profile becomes unpredictable and can thus cause grave effects in the business economy.On the separate hand, while executing macro risk management, one requires shifting from the notion that the stability of a system is a consequence of the accuracy of individual components. Modern risk managers thus focus on the development of the tools to evaluate the possibility of credit deals which may result in the collapse of the firm. The transmission of risks within a firm may thus result in discommode with its associates. Through this strategy, the risk managers can scrutinize how negative financial shocks, such as capital outflows, can negatively magnify a sectors risk.This approach helps them to design and alleviate the risk by adjusting the chief fiscal surplus so as to relieve the shocks. Managers thus have the opportunity to rate their policies. To take precaution on macro risk management, the management should therefore involve the staff who argon always involved in the testing of the continuity juts and who are aware of the plans. In addition, this technique helps managers to attempt other firms strategies which have been proven successful.Managers will also analyze others methods which they can successfully adapt into their circumstances. Conversely, in micro risk management, one starts by providing a general backg review of financial risk management which illustrates how the risk arose in the firm. This information explores the key concepts used in past risk management and provides a way to chit its reappearance. One thus discovers the main concepts used in risk management and can thus articulate them through well-known financial disasters of the past.One can also devise ways to subjugate the risks. This technique allows managers the opportunity to devise the methods to be used to manage the market risk and how to forward it, cutaneous senses it, and other mechanisms of identifying the risk. This provides a detailed analysis of the models used in pricing the risks and how each model can be used to determine and control risk. After this, the financial risk management will round up the scrutiny and the lessons on the risk management portfolio which gives a firm a clear fellow feeling of the risk and its management.Through this, one can automate audits and susceptible management throughout the running of the firm. Subsequently, the collected automates accessed are then used to control all assets in the firm followed by their testing to identify the closely vulnerable risks which may reappear in the firm. This activity provides the most effective way to detect and curb a micro risk at its initial appearance. Reference Dash, J. W. (2004). Quantitative finance and risk management A physicists approach. Toh Tuck Link, Singapore World Scientific. stick out Management Integration FrameworkThere are three main components that must b e fulfilled by a date for it to be truly successful it must be completed within the set budget, schedule and deliver the expected aftermath and quality. If one of these components is not met, still if the project is completed, then the project cannot be said to be successful. Project failure is common and may result from various actors one of these reasons is that, the project may actually be impossible. Take for example the failure of the Apollo program, which was American spaceship that landed the first man in moon.This project ran well from the year 1969 up to 1975. Apollo 13 failure of oxygen tank and the Apollo 204 tragedy, which led to loss of lives shows that the mission could no longer be safe as planned. Furthermore, the objectives of the project were impossible to be achieved since the main mark was to find out if human beings could survive in the moon and live comfortably or even in any other planet apart from earth. Incompetent management is another common reason t hat may lead to project failure. A good example is the disappearing warehouse project for a Software company in the nation.The warehouse varnished not only from the physical view but in watchful eyes of a retailer who was well known in the system of alter distribution. Software glitch somehow had erased the existence of the warehouse and thus goods destined to that warehouse were diverted to other routes where as the goods in that warehouse for a certain time languished. Employees at that missing warehouse unplowed quiet in that time since they were receiving their pay. As the software glitch was noticed, the warehouse was then sold tally and the senior management requested the employees to be quiet on the episode.This led to the failure of that software project. last over-constrained is another reason that leads to their failure. Football clubs are good examples. Wenger, the Arsenal club manger had a plan to make the club to continue performing well and win all the trophies. Thi s continued for some time but failed. This football club traces its failure at that period due to over-constrains in the management as well as in the players. This club since then has not been able to win trophies despite its endless shines in the frequent years before.